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公開日:2021/11/12 / 最終更新日:2021/11/12
” The ISO specifications emphasized that terminologies should have “complete protection of a specified domain by formally outlined concepts.” The ISO specification additionally stated that terminologies should outline their function and scope, quantify the extent of their area coverage, and provide mappings to exterior terminologies designed for classification and to assist administrative functions. The 1996 study of Chute et al.Eighty two evaluated the protection by 4 terminologies and the aggregate UMLS of a random choice of 3,061 concepts extracted from clinical documents. In response, researchers and the requirements neighborhood proposed rigorous, centered growth objectives for terminology construction in the early nineteen nineties.43,71,seventy two The International Standards Organization (ISO), for instance, printed the Technical Specification 1087,73,74 which outlined attributes acknowledged as supporting high-quality practices concerning terminology development, including that terminologies be formal aggregations of language-independent concepts, that concepts needs to be represented by one favored time period and acceptable synonymous terms, and that relationships among ideas must be explicitly represented. There is no signifies that you will discover a private 3D printer with two extruders supporting one filament material fashion regardless of the worth. There’s a giant range of reminiscence card accessible for the shoppers with different necessities depending on the usage.
Having a market technique for persuading clients to use your service is the one thing you will need to put your focus on, because this business is immediately dependent on the people. It is like a price-added service your studio members can make the most of. One can discover this costume in the scale of 4 -6. First, the data-intensive domains of clinical observe have expanded quickly since 1960. In 1976, Pauker et al.,56 based mostly on an evaluation of the Internist-I® knowledge base37 and other sources, estimated that the domain of basic inside medication alone contained over two million “facts.” Likewise, Durack57 and Madlon-Kay58 showed that the physical weight of Index Medicus, one indicator of the quantity of medical knowledge, grew almost exponentially in the second half of the 20th century. Work on clinical terminology techniques began in the middle of the seventeenth century with John Gaunt’s refinement of the late 16th-century classification scheme for the London Bills of Mortality.52-fifty four Over the next two and one half centuries, many clinical terminologies have been developed, with many subsequently lost to historical past.52-fifty four Even though the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was first adopted in Paris in 1900,fifty five Chute52 states that the “modern era for สล็อตทุกค่าย clinical descriptions” began with the publication of the multiaxial Standardized Nomenclature of Diseases (SND) in 1928 and its subsequent revision to the Standardized Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations (SNDO) in 1933. With SND and SNDO, users might model advanced concepts by constructing them from extra primitive building blocks (reminiscent of composing “chest pain” from an anatomy axis concept for “chest” and a pathophysiology axis idea for “pain”).
The quantity and dimension of accessible clinical terminologies have expanded over time as the result of three phenomena. The overlap and differences amongst these three units of desiderata are summarized in Table 1. These experiences advocate as a central aim that terminologies include phrases for all ideas that happen within the clinical domain that they model, an attribute referred to as domain protection. To achieve area coverage, terminology builders historically have created new concepts utilizing two methods: pre-coordination (also referred to as enumeration) and submit-coordination. For instance, with a publish-coordinated terminology, a user can dynamically create the concept “chest pain” by combining the anatomic concept “chest” and the pathophysiologic idea “pain.” The consumer can introduce additional detail by choosing new concepts from extra axes, comparable to “substernal” and “crushing nature.” Rassinoux et al.81 asserted that pre-coordination and put up-coordination can complement one another, with pre-coordination providing logic and intricacy and publish-coordination permitting expressivity and extra full domain coverage.
A press release of function, scope, and protection allows terminology builders to work toward particular improvement targets and provides evaluators with benchmarks with which to judge the terminology. First, the authors review historical objectives of the developers and evaluators of clinical terminologies usually (slightly than for a kind of terminology designed for a selected utilization). With pre-coordination, builders mannequin relevant levels of element in the terminology with distinct ideas, typically derived from real-world, unconstrained utilization by clinicians; “chest pain,” “substernal chest ache,” and “crushing substernal chest pain” each exist as particular person ideas, with distinctive terms and synonyms, often tied by hierarchical linkages. Humphreys et al. additionally noted that had the investigators used “related ideas,” its protection would have increased to 99%. They categorized related ideas as much less specific (e.g., “chest pain” instead of “substernal chest pain”) or more particular (e.g., “crushing substernal chest pain” as an alternative of “substernal chest pain”). Because customers of such terminologies can each access current concepts and dynamically compose new concepts as wanted, such terminologies can be anticipated to have larger domain coverage than those who solely allow customers to access existing concepts.
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