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公開日:2021/11/14 / 最終更新日:2021/11/14
” The ISO specifications emphasised that terminologies should have “complete coverage of a specified area by formally defined concepts.” The ISO specification also said that terminologies should define their function and scope, quantify the extent of their domain coverage, and supply mappings to exterior terminologies designed for classification and to help administrative capabilities. The 1996 examine of Chute et al.82 evaluated the protection by four terminologies and the aggregate UMLS of a random choice of 3,061 ideas extracted from clinical paperwork. In response, researchers and the standards group proposed rigorous, centered improvement aims for terminology development within the early 1990s.43,71,72 The International Standards Organization (ISO), for instance, printed the Technical Specification 1087,73,seventy four which outlined attributes recognized as supporting excessive-high quality practices regarding terminology development, including that terminologies be formal aggregations of language-impartial ideas, that ideas should be represented by one favored term and acceptable synonymous phrases, and that relationships among ideas needs to be explicitly represented. There isn’t any signifies that you’ll notice a personal 3D printer with two extruders supporting one filament material model despite the worth. There is a giant range of memory card out there for the shoppers with different requirements relying on the utilization.
Having a market strategy for persuading customers to make use of your service is the one factor you will need to place your deal with, because this business is immediately dependent on the individuals. It is like a worth-added service your studio members can make the most of. One can discover this costume in the scale of four -6. First, the information-intensive domains of clinical apply have expanded rapidly since 1960. In 1976, Pauker et al.,56 based on an evaluation of the Internist-I® knowledge base37 and other sources, estimated that the domain of common inner medicine alone contained over two million “facts.” Likewise, Durack57 and Madlon-Kay58 showed that the bodily weight of Index Medicus, one indicator of the amount of medical information, grew nearly exponentially within the second half of the 20th century. Work on clinical terminology techniques began in the middle of the 17th century with John Gaunt’s refinement of the late 16th-century classification scheme for the London Bills of Mortality.52-fifty four Over the following two and one half centuries, many clinical terminologies have been developed, with many subsequently lost to historical past.52-fifty four Though the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) was first adopted in Paris in 1900,fifty five Chute52 states that the “modern period for สล็อตทุกค่าย clinical descriptions” began with the publication of the multiaxial Standardized Nomenclature of Diseases (SND) in 1928 and its subsequent revision to the Standardized Nomenclature of Diseases and Operations (SNDO) in 1933. With SND and SNDO, customers might mannequin complex concepts by constructing them from extra primitive constructing blocks (similar to composing “chest pain” from an anatomy axis concept for “chest” and a pathophysiology axis idea for “pain”).
The number and size of out there clinical terminologies have expanded over time as the result of three phenomena. The overlap and variations amongst these three units of desiderata are summarized in Table 1. These reviews advocate as a central aim that terminologies include terms for all ideas that happen throughout the clinical area that they mannequin, an attribute called area protection. To achieve domain protection, terminology builders traditionally have created new concepts utilizing two methods: pre-coordination (also referred to as enumeration) and submit-coordination. For example, with a post-coordinated terminology, a user can dynamically create the concept “chest pain” by combining the anatomic concept “chest” and the pathophysiologic concept “pain.” The person can introduce further detail by selecting new ideas from further axes, reminiscent of “substernal” and “crushing nature.” Rassinoux et al.81 asserted that pre-coordination and publish-coordination can complement one another, with pre-coordination offering logic and intricacy and publish-coordination permitting expressivity and extra full area coverage.
A statement of goal, scope, and protection permits terminology builders to work toward particular development targets and gives evaluators with benchmarks with which to guage the terminology. First, the authors overview historic aims of the developers and evaluators of clinical terminologies typically (relatively than for a sort of terminology designed for a selected utilization). With pre-coordination, developers mannequin related levels of detail in the terminology with distinct ideas, sometimes derived from real-world, unconstrained usage by clinicians; “chest pain,” “substernal chest pain,” and “crushing substernal chest pain” every exist as particular person concepts, with distinctive terms and synonyms, usually tied by hierarchical linkages. Humphreys et al. also famous that had the investigators used “related concepts,” its protection would have increased to 99%. They categorised related concepts as less specific (e.g., “chest pain” as an alternative of “substernal chest pain”) or extra specific (e.g., “crushing substernal chest pain” instead of “substernal chest pain”). Because users of such terminologies can each entry present ideas and dynamically compose new concepts as wanted, such terminologies could be expected to have higher domain coverage than those who solely enable users to access existing concepts.
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